The paper discusses the possibilities of using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to study the neural activity of insects, including recording action potentials and visualizing the morphological features of the nervous system. Particular attention is paid to the advantages of using insects such as mosquitoes as model objects for neurophysiological research. Modern methods of recording neural impulses are discussed, including intracellular and extracellular recording, the local potential fixation method (patch clamp), as well as a comparison of action potential parameters in insects and humans. The prospects for integrating SPM with optogenetics and calcium imaging to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the functional activity of neurons in vivo are presented.